The heritage management literature of the past decade abounds with statements that expound the aim of historic preservation is to 'preserve the past for the future.' That phraseology has been taken up by many professionals and commercial entities. Recently, it has become entwined with the concept cultural heritage stewardship. This paper examines the nature and theoretical underpinning of these assumptions. It dem-onstrates that the notion of stewardship for the benefit of future generations is fallible and in fact hinders us in the management of heritage for benefit the present generation.

The events of World War II transformed Kiska Island in the Aleutians into a cultural landscape that is truly unique on a global scale. Following more than 120 years without human settlement, Kiska was briefly occupied by over 7,000 Japanese troops (June 1942-July 1943), and after their withdrawal, by a garrison of 1,200 US troops (August 1943-November 1944). After the end of the war it became once more uninhabited and today forms part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. The short burst of heavy military development resulted in a wide range of cultural resources on the island, ranging from midget submarines to aircraft wrecks, from piers to tent sites. This paper describes the resources on the island, discusses their significance on a global scale, and outlines the role and extent of NPS involvement (1986, 1989, 2007, and 2009) in the management of this unique place of our nation's heritage.

Historical Societies are normally not known for their proactive stances. In the public perception they are retrospective, often parochial and adverse to change. The advent of the World Wide Web in the mid-190s has made these societies more visible and more accessible to a non-local audience. The historical societies responded by developing positioning statements used in marketing their 'services.' This paper surveys the futurist stance embodied in the positioning statements and explores what that may imply for the underlying ideologies of the historical societies involved.

Cultural Heritage Management is an inherently retrospective discipline. To the detriment of future heritage management, some heritage places were not recognised and managed even though they had instant global significance after their creation (eg sites of the Apollo space program). The current revolution in robotic technologies, coupled with the developments in artificial intelligence, suggests that the creation of self-reflective robots capable of semi-independent thought (processes) is not too far away. This paper explores the conceptual and ethical issues heritage managers face when dealing with the heritage such robots will create.

The maintenance of a community's cultural identity is subject to the community's perception of selfworth and its resilience towards outside influences. Historic preservation in Micronesia has a stake in this maintenance. While external influences driven by commercialization and globalization are ever present, their influences were mitigated by the external nature of the agents of change. The increased emigration of Micronesian communities to Hawaii and the mainland USA has created a situation where a sizeable population of stakeholders resides outside the community. This paper examines the implications of increased technological connectivity (internet, cellphones) on cultural management in Micronesia and shows that the new technologies allow for cultural influences to flow back to Micronesia with community members as agents of change possessing inherently greater persuasive powers
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Forty years after the US Historic Preservation Act was passed with applicability to the (then) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and 20 years after some of the Micronesian entities regained some control over the management of their on heritage, it is time to take stock. Based on the papers of the special journal issue on cultural heritage management in Micronesia, this paper sets out the state of play of the various aspects of cultural heritage management and outlines pathways for future developments
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O'Neill, Jon & Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2006) A Review of Historic Preservation Funding In Micronesia 1986-2003. Micronesian Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences vol. 5 no. 1/2, pp. 545-556

The recent political independence of Micronesian communities that once formed the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) (administered by the United States) has driven some rapid and wide-ranging developments. Not all changes have been welcomed by local communities, and a strong desire for valued cultural elements to be preserved in culturally appropriate ways has emerged. Current management of formal historic preservation processes in Micronesia predominantly follows western concepts, particularly those used by the United States of America. Historic Preservation legislation originating in the U.S. has been largely transferred into local Micronesian legal and administrative frameworks.
    With few exceptions, historic preservation in Micronesia is also largely funded by external entities, and once again, the United States provides the bulk of that funding. The cultural differences that are clearly apparent between the U.S. and Micronesian political entities continue to generate misunderstandings, confusion, and frustration on both sides. Donor funded preservation programmes tend to preserve cultural elements that are favoured by those donors and, in the past at least, local preferences have often not been given the emphasis they deserve. Funding of historic preservation in Micronesia involves several sources and there are significant differences between the Freely Associated States (FAS) and Guam and the CNMI
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Micronesian Children are increasingly exposed to commercialism and western forms of advertising. How will that affect current and future perception of traditional culture? The paper presents the results of a questionnaire survey administered to 581 school children across Micronesia. The respondents expressed strong preferences for 'favourite' items that have little or no traditional cultural connections and are international in scope. Choices of 'favourite' entertainment, of reading material, television, videos, music, and dancing, choices of preferred food and drink, all show an emerging internationalising of their preferences.
    If it is the wish of the Micronesian people to retain elements of their traditional cultures then concerted and deliberate, conscious action to prioritize and implement management processes that are appropriate to their cultures and circumstances must be taken soon. Cultural change is occurring with increasing rapidity throughout Micronesia and local communities are in a situation where their capacity to exercise control is limited

High rainfall tropical environments are very conducive to luxuriant plant growth. While welcome for the management of tropical plant collections and botanical gardens, such conditions of plant growth can be detrimental to historic properties. This paper provides and analysis of the weed infestation of a Japanese concrete structure in Pohnpei, discussing the nature of the infestation, the origin of the seed material and the implications for management
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The tropical environments prevalent on the islands of the Central Pacific is deleterious to the preservation of cultural materials. This is particular so for metal-based items, which make up the bulk of the extant material cultural associated with World War II sites. This paper views the impacts posed by the vegetation on the preservation of the remains of aircraft, guns and other equipment
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Many Pacific Islands are littered with the remains of World War II. These remains range from the wrecks of ships, tanks and aircraft, to costal defense installations and general base infrastructure. The abundance of material left behind after the cessation of hostilities meant that local communities had abundant opportunity to salvage elements and put them to their own use. This paper provides an overview of the nature of adaptive reuse to which World War II artefacts have been put in Micronesia, highlighting the impact on heritage sites but also the innovation and transmodification that occurred, establishing new historic contexts for the artefacts
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Unexploded ammunition is a common hazard among heritage sites that have been the focus of military action. As the unpredictable nature of such ammunition threatens the wellbeing of management staff and visitors alike, unexploded items are normally removed and destroyed. That action, on the other hand, contravenes the principle that heritage sites should be in place and preserved unchanged to the extent feasible. This paper sets out the historical conditions that rise to the problem, discussed the nature and extent o the problem and strives to find an balanced approach that safeguards human life and health, while at the same time reduces the impact to the heritage places thus managed
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While prehistoric and early historic burials in Micronesia are on occasion uncovered either as a result of construction activities or due to shoreline erosion, there is no information how modern burial practices might be recognisable in the present and future archaeological record. This paper describes the observations made during exhumations and provides for some projections how modern burials might be interpretable in the future
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For too long Indigenous Australian communities have been labelled 'Aboriginal,' lumped together and treated as one indiscriminate population. Yet before the onset of European administration, there was no collective concept for the original owners of this continent, and each community, culturally divergent from its neighbours, had its own identity. This paper addresses some of the issues and argues for the need to establish separate, and culturally specific and localised consultation protocols to ensure that proper consultation occurs wherever the culture and heritage of the local Indigenous community is concerned

Shopping arcades and shopping malls have become ubiquitous in urban settings. Several historic buildings have been converted into arcades, while new malls have been built. In most cases the shop spaces provided in the arcades has a high level of turn over of tenants, often changing the use of the shops in the process. Using a case study from Albury, this paper reviews the available processes and the problems faced when reconstructing tenant histories of such facilities, and highlights the need to concerted action.

Cultural heritage management is, in essence, a facet of social engineering, whereby physical remains of the past (and present) are selectively preserved pandering to values currently held by the population at large. Indeed, mid- and long-term protection of heritage places can only occur if such places are ‘embraced’ or ‘owned’ by the community. However, public opinion, often coloured by nostalgia, omits, consciously or subconsciously, places that do not fit the present value system. Thus, inevitably there are places, which may be identified by expert opinion, that need to be preserved even if a community is apathetic or even antagonistic. Such differences of opinion allow for conflict to occur. Local planning and the implementation of planning priorities is inevitably caught up in it. The political dimension at the LGA level further complicates matters, particularly as we move from one heritage to a multitude of ‘heritages.’
     Over the past decade the management of cultural heritage matters at the local government level has seen the decline of top-down, expert-driven studies, while bottom-up, community-driven, or at least community influenced, studies have increased. Both approaches have their failings and lead to gaps in the record.
      Furthermore, all too often heritage plans are limited. Great effort is expended focusing on the historic trends and themes of an area, and on inventorising, evaluating and listing of places deemed worth protecting. Yet next to no effort is spent on implementation strategies, ranging from capacity building within the administering local government to education of property owners, wider stakeholders, the public resident in the LGA and outside visitors.
      This paper discusses the pitfalls inherent in these various planning approaches and outlines strategies for LGA-level planning and management to maximise returns from heritage planning projects.

[PDF document, Full text, (212kb)]

The protection of life and property will always be the priority in any disaster situation. At the same time other considerations often fall by the way side and short-term decisions are made that have irreperable implications on environmental and cultural heritage issues. Anecdotal information and pilot studies suggested that there are a number of attitudinal barriers that limit disaster planning for cultural heritage resources. In an attempt to provide empirical evidence of these attitudinal barriers a postal survey was distributed to Rural Fire Service Brigade Captains throughout New South Wales (Australia). The results highlight limited understanding of cultural heritage issues, limited exposure to dealing with such resources in disaster situations and limited communication between heritage and disaster management agencies. LINK to paper

During World War II the atolls and islands of Micronesia were the focus of military development, extensive fighting and bombardment. By the end of that war the islands were littered with unexpended Japanese ammunition and with US ordnance that had failed to explode on impact. This paper examines the legal and moral ownership of that ammunition, as it has a bearing on its management in the modern historic preservation context. LINK to paper

Because of Australia's geographical and geopolitical situation, NASA established or utilised a number of space tracking stations on Australian soil. All of the crewed space missions were for part of their orbits controlled from Australian stations, culminating in the landing of the first human being on the moon. While arguably less iconographic than rockets, capsules or launch towers, without these tracking stations mission success and astronaut safety could not be assured. This paper reviews what remains of these stations and how current heritage management in Australia deals with its own tangible evidence of humanity's endeavour to explore space.

For twenty years American astronauts returned from their space adventures by splashing into the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It was the US Navy's task to recover them, and their spacecraft, safely and swiftly. To assist in tracking and communicating with the astronauts in space, the Military Sea Transport Service operated a number of telemetry vessels on behalf of the US Navy and US Air Force. While not as spectacular as the activities surrounding the launch of the rockets, the naval component of the US space program of the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo era was instrumental to its success and overall excellent safety record. Historic Preservation is about the intentional, selective preservation of heritage items for the benefit of future generations. This paper reviews which, if any, elements of the naval heritage of the US Space program have been preserved, and which processes have been employed to undertake the selection and assessment .

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The report details the tenant histories of the 1970s conversion of the former stables building into a shopping arcade. Photographic docuentation of shops is provided where photographs couldbe sourced.

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Note: the report has some A3 fold out pages.

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Cultural heritage management is, in essence, a facet of social engineering, whereby physical remains of the past (and present) are selectively preserved pandering to values currently held by the population at large. Indeed, mid- and long-term protection of heritage places can only occur if such places are ‘embraced’ or ‘owned’ by the community. However, public opinion, often coloured by nostalgia, omits, consciously or subconsciously, places that do not fit the present value system. Thus, inevitably there are places, which may be identified by expert opinion, that need to be preserved even if a community is apathetic or even antagonistic. Such differences of opinion allow for conflict to occur. Local planning and the implementation of planning priorities is inevitably caught up in it. The political dimension at the LGA level further complicates matters, particularly as we move from one heritage to a multitude of ‘heritages.’
Over the past decade the management of cultural heritage matters at the local government level has seen the decline of top-down, expert-driven studies, while bottom-up, community-driven, or at least community influenced, studies have increased. Both approaches have their failings and lead to gaps in the record.
Furthermore, all too often heritage plans are limited. Great effort is expended focusing on the historic trends and themes of an area, and on inventorising, evaluating and listing of places deemed worth protecting. Yet next to no effort is spent on implementation strategies, ranging from capacity building within the administering local government to education of property owners, wider stakeholders, the public resident in the LGA and outside visitors.
This paper discusses the pitfalls inherent in these various planning approaches and outlines strategies for LGA-level planning and management to maximise returns from heritage planning projects.

[PDF document, Full text, (370kb)]

Conservation Management Plan for the ruins of the first custom-built research builing one of the NSW Department of Agriculture Research Farms. Designed by Nathan A Cobb, the two storey building was the first to utilise reinforced concrete fo a roof.

[PDF document, Full text, (13.8 mB)] Note: the reports has some A3 fold out pages.

The deBrum House on Likiep Island, Likiep Atoll, Marshall Islands is a cultural heritage site, which is unique in the Marshall Islands, in Micronesia and in fact in most of the Pacific. As a complete colonial period homestead replete with much of the original furnishings, include. Books, phonograph rolls and glass plate negatives it provides a unique insight into both the living conditions of affluent planters during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, as well as into the mind of an exceptional Marshallese man, Joachim deBrum.

Community attitudes towards heritage are nor well studied in Micronesia. This paper presents the results of a study of the attitudes of teachers, college and high school students of the CNMI. It shows that traditional aspects outrank those on the colonial past. Also differences in significance between Chamorro and Carolinian sites were observed.

Historical Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of Heritage Values of 'Kiewa House.' The report provides a description of the fabric of the building as it appeared in 2003, of the building's history, as well as the historic context in which the structure needs to be seen. An assessment of the heritage value of the property is also provided, together with projections on the likleihood that subsurface remains of sites of the buildings may be present.

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Historical Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of Heritage Values of 'Kiewa House.' The report provides a description of the fabric of the building as it appeared in 2003, of the building's history, as well as the historic context in which the structure needs to be seen. An assessment of the heritage value of the property is also provided, together with projections on the likleihood that subsurface remains of sites of the buildings may be present.

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Historical Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of Heritage Values of 'Kiewa House.' The report provides a description of the fabric of the building as it appeared in 2003, of the building's history, as well as the historic context in which the structure needs to be seen. An assessment of the heritage value of the property is also provided, together with projections on the likleihood that subsurface remains of sites of the buildings may be present.

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Historical Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of Heritage Values of the property, now a vacant block used as a council carpark. The report provides a description of the history of the buidlings that existed on the site, as well as the historic context in which the structures need to be seen. An assessment of the heritage value of the property is also provided, together with projections on the likleihood that subsurface remains of sites of the buildings may be present.

[PDF document, Full text, (13.2 mB)]

Historical Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of Heritage Values of the property, now a vacant block used as a council carpark. The report provides a description of the history of the buidlings that existed on the site, as well as the historic context in which the structures need to be seen. An assessment of the heritage value of the property is also provided, together with projections on the likleihood that subsurface remains of sites of the buildings may be present.

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This report extracts all information developed in the varois studies on the properties 526, 528-530, 532, 534-536 and 538-540 Kiewa Street and provides a concise projection on the likleihood that subsurface remains of sites of the buildings may be present and how that matter should be handled in the case that demolitions were to commence..

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Micronesia has a long history of colonial occupation: Spanish, German, Japanese and finally US American. Each of these powers has left tangible remains of their occupation and each has influenced the preservation of Micronesian culture. This paper explores the nature of historic preservation of colonial sites and property in a post-colonial world. What are the priorities and what are the constraints for Micronesian countries to manage their colonial past at a time when cultural self-determination has become reality?.

A survey found archaeological sites on the bottom of the Hume Reservoir to be contaminated by modern refuse, particularly glass bottles. The debris is deposited by recreational fishermen while the reservoir is filled. The contamination creates two problems: a threat to the integrity of the archaeological record; and a threat derived from well-meaning, but uncontrolled community clean-up operations removing both modern debris and historic heritage items from a site.

Conflicts between natural and cultural heritage conservation occur across several domains. People disagree over the definitions of terms such as 'natural', 'cultural', and 'wilderness'. There are a range of views on matters of principle, such as whose heritage should be considered, and whether non-negotiable standards should apply to some conservation issues. Clashes of culture occur between various stakeholders: Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, 'mainstream' and minority groups, and amongst professionals from different disciplinary backgrounds. The aspirations and behaviour of traditional owners, environmentalists, recreationists, traditional users, and those who have links with previous uses and sites, can lead to a range of management issues. On public land, management agencies face the difficult task of allocating scarce resources, and are sometimes are forced to decide between natural and cultural heritage. They may also have to address conflicting management objectives.
We discuss each of these domains, and give examples of where such conflicts have influenced Australian cultural and natural heritage conservation. We then identify where economic methods and instruments have the potential to contribute to their resolution. Economics is not very useful for resolving conflicts over definitions, principles, or cultural differences. These matters must be resolved through the various participatory, deliberative, democratic and judicial processes. Economics can be used to justify public investment in heritage management, assist resource allocation and land use decisions, demonstrate the contribution heritage makes to an economy, optimise resource utilisation and establish sound pricing policies for heritage resources. Suitable economic methods for these purposes include non-market valuation and benefit cost analysis, regional economic analysis, cost effectiveness analysis and marginal cost pricing. We suggest education, research and advocacy roles for the AHC in relation to heritage economics and dispute resolution.

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Cultural Heritage Planning in Australia is conducted by specialists drawlines. Communities are normally only consulted through public meetings are focus groups. This paper summarises the results of a study where all households in a shire where surveyed by mail to nominate heritage places of interest. The findings showed that community perceptions differed from those held by professionals.

[Full text: PDF document, courtesy US National Park Service]

Brief article discussing the current approaches to the survival of German cultural heritage resources in Micronesia. The paper identifies the major dissonance between the limited funding and technical expertise available in the countries and the need to prioritise their own indigenous heritage.

[Full text: PDF document, courtesy US National Park Service]

A conservation needs assessment of repair works for the Statue of Melpomene, Albury Botanic Gardens, which had been vandalised. The statue had been pushed off the pedestal and had broke to pieces. This work was carried out pro bono as part of the author's commitment to local heritage issues.

[Full Text: PDF document]

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Without doubt, the 1993-completed "Hundertwasser in den Wiesen" in Bad Soden (Germany) constitutes a radical departure from standard condominium development, established western building design principles and and provides a conceptual and visual challenge to citizen and visitor alike. The pueblo design avoids to the maximum extent possible the use of horizontal and geometrical forms. The building complex according to Hundertwasser conceptualised as a reunfication of human living with natural principles incorporates a historic heritage-listed structure.
This paper discusses the building, both from the view of architecture and art, followed by an introduction to the architect/artist and his work. A description of the controversies surrounding the structure follows, giving way to a discussion of various aspects of heritage and heritage management with special emphasis on issues relating to the treatment of an adjacent heritage listed building. Some observations on the future of the Hundertwasser complex conclude the paper.

Paper describing the Italian-built but British-pattern battleship guns, which were emplaced as coastal defense guns by the Japanese Navy on Chuuk, Tarawa and Wake Island during World War II. The paper discusses the origin, history and current status of the guns.

Paper outlining the nature and origin of Japanese coastal defense guns emplaced on the atolls of the Marshall Islands. The vast majority of the guns stem from British warships which had been bought by the Japanese in prior to World War I and which had to be decommissioned following the Washington Treaty of 1922.

Human-induced dryland and irrigation salinity are major forms of land degradation in rural areas, particularly in southern Australia. Salinity is also impacting significantly on the historic environment that makes Australia's country towns so different from the sprawling suburbia of larger cities. It is not only historic buildings but also formal private gardens and street plantings that are being affected and placed at risk. This is because many plants, especially those introduced to Australia and commonly used in these situations, are susceptible to elevated soil salinity levels. Any changes in the vegetative make up of Australian towns are likely to alter their character. This paper reviews the nature of the threat and the extent of the impending change, and discusses the relative merits of the various mitigation options available.
  

[PDF document, Full text, download here (52 kb)]

The perceptions of heritage managers related to the incidence of salinity and its impact on heritage were surveyed in 149 local government areas (LGAs) in the Murray-Darling Basin. They survey administered in December 1997 and January 1998 (response rate 76%) showed that salinity is seen primarily as a rural problem affecting agriculturally productive land. The threat of salinity to heritage structures was ranked similar to domestic homes, roads and the like.

In comparison to other threats impacting on the cultural heritage places in the LGAs salinity was seen as one on the smallest threats, only exceeded by earthquakes. The study found high levels of 'don't know' answers, indicating that education needs exist, but that these needs are varied in the community of heritage officers.

Urban salinity is exacting its toll on the historic environment that makes our country towns so different from the sprawling suburbia of the metropolitan cities. Historic buildings are very susceptible to raised saline ground water levels. This paper reviews the nature of the threat and the extent of the impending change, and discusses the relative merits of the various mitigation options available not only in terms of cost to the community, but also in terms of the ethical management of our irreplaceable cultural heritage.

The paper reviews the issues of unexploded ordnance removal at and near heritage sites and provides options for action, aimed at safe guarding life and property of visitors and heritage managers while at the same time not unduly impairing the heritage items.

[Full text: PDF document, courtesy US National Park Service]

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Dryland salinity not only poses a threat to the productivity of pastures and arable land, but also affects the built environment, both current infrastructure components such as roads and bridges and our historic heritage. Many historic buildings are prone to the ingress of moisture and the concomitant deleterious effects of the moisture on associated fabric. The soluble salts in the ground water pose an even greater threat when they are introduced via capillary action into historic or modern fabric. Associated with the seasonal fluctuations of the high ground water table will be shrinking and swelling of the soil substrate which will affect the stability of the foundations, and may cause differential settlement of parts of a structure. Further, the moisture saturated subsoils underneath structures are prone to liquefaction during earthquake events, amplifying the effects of the ground motion and causing structures to partially subside and to fail. There is an urgent need for town planners and heritage managers to appreciate the potential dangers posed by dryland salinity and rising ground water tables. Mitigative action is required now. Failure to act will result in substantial elements of our built heritage literally crumbling in front of our eyes.

[PDF document, Full text]

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The report looks at the relationship between traditional education as practiced under the rules of 'kastom' for thousands of years and the formal school education system imposed by the colonial powers. This tension has significant implications for a nation's cultural identity as well as the management of the cultural heritage which are inextricably intertwined with the way we approach the education of children.
It argues for a multi-tiered curriculum which allows for the localisation of content and thus the fostering of culture and traditions while at the same time ensuring that the national curriculum aims are being met.

A severe tropical climate and a lack of maintenance have resulted in huge inventory of World War II (WWII) sites and objects in the Pacific Area (in both US territories and in the new republics of Freely Associated States of Micronesia) in an advanced, accelerated state of deterioration. How can we assist the Micronesians in preserving a brief moment in time when two foreign nations fought a war on their homeland? The commemoration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the WWII has come and gone. Although the war has not been forgotten, the current hard economic situation in the US, Micronesia, and elsewhere has not been the ideal time to secure the preservation of these vulnerable resources. Since we do not have adequate funds to preserve these irreplaceable cultural resources, what can we do to slow the rate of deterioration.

The abundance of military sites and materiel of the Pacific War meant that many places and objects found secondary uses during and especially after the war. The paper reviews the secondary use of parts of B-24 ?Liberator? bomber aircraft. Prime items were aluminium oxygen cylinders which served as cooking pots, but aluminium struts, and even entire propeller baldes also found their use.

The abundance of military sites and materiel of the Pacific War meant that many places and objects found secondary uses during and especially after the war. The paper reviews the secondary use of parts of B-24 ?Liberator? bomber aircraft. Prime items were aluminium oxygen cylinders which served as cooking pots, but aluminium struts, and even entire propeller baldes also found their use.

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All consultancy reports submitted in 1993 to the Heritage Division of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria were reviewed to assess how the consultants dealt with issues of site visibilty and bias. The results showed that in their present form many of the reports

[PDF document, Full text, download draft here]

[PDF document, courtesy US National Park Service]

[PDF document, download here, Full text (420 kb)

[PDF document, courtesy US National Park Service]

[PDF document, courtesy US National Park Service (entire issue)]