The Referee and Umpire Bibliography (RUB)

A collection of links to peer-reviewed research and evidence concerning refereeing and umpiring. Open to all.

Compiled by Peter Simmons, School of Communication and Creative Industries, Charles Sturt University, Australia.


Author(s) Year Topic / Key Words Title / Information Link
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Andersen, T; Engebretsen, L; Bahr, R 2004 Soccer football; Injuries; Injury mechanisms; Prevention; Video recording Rule violations as a cause of injuries in male Norwegian professional football: Are the referees doing their job? American Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(Suppl.1), 62-68
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Anshel, M; Weinberg, R 1999 Basketball; Stress; Coping Re-examining Coping among Basketball Referees Following Stressful Events: Implications for Coping Interventions. Journal of Sport Behavior, Vol. 22, 1999.
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Ansorge, C; Scheer, J 1988 Gymnastics; Judging bias; Olympics International bias detected in judging gymnastic competition at the 1984 Olympic Games. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 59, 103-107
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Baldo, M; Ranvaud, R; Morya, E 2002 Soccer football; Offside decisions; Football referees; flash-lag effect Flag errors in soccer games: The flash-lag effect. Perception, 31, 1205-1210
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Baldwin, C 2008 Soccer football; Referees; Commentators; Journalists; Stress; Anxiety The ref cost us the game: The role of sports commentators and journalists in creating stresses on sports referees. Presentation given to Annual Conference of Australia and New Zealand Communication Association ANZCA08, Power and Place. Wellington, July 2008.
Link to article
Balmer, N; Nevill, A; Lane, A; Ward, P; Williams, M; Fairclough, S 2007 Soccer football; Decision-making; Psychology; Stress; Crowd Influence of Crowd Noise on Soccer Refereeing Consistency in Soccer. Journal of Sport Behavior,2:130-145
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Balmer, N; Nevill, A; Lane, A 2007 Boxing; Decision-making; Judging; Subjective adjudications Do judges enhance home advantage in European championship boxing? Journal of Sports Sciences. 23:409-416
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Bar-eli, M; Levy-Kolker, N; Pie, J; Tenenbaum, G 1995 Player performance; Player crisis A Crisis-related Analysis of Perceived referees' behavior in competition Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 1533-1571, Volume 7, Issue 1, 1995, Pages 63 – 80
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Bizzini, M; Junge, A; Bahr, R; Dvorak, J 2009 Soccer football; Injuries Female soccer referees selected for the FIFA Women’s World Cup 2007: survey of injuries and musculoskeletal problems. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43:936-942 (Published Online First: 16 October 2008)
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Bizzini, M; Junge, A; Bahr, R; Helsen, W; Dvorak, J 2009 Soccer football; Injuries Injuries and musculoskeletal complaints in referees and assistant referees selected for the 2006 FIFA World Cup: retrospective and prospective survey. British Journal of Sports Medicine;43:490-497 (Published Online First: 4 July 2008)
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Bizzini, M; Junge, A; Bahr, R; Helsen, W; Dvorak, J 2009 Soccer football; Injuries Injuries and Musculoskeletal Complaints in Referees-A Complete Survey in the Top Divisions of the Swiss Football League; Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine: March, 19 (2):95-100
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Boyko, R; Boyko, A; Boyko, M 2007 Soccer football; Home advantage; Ordinal regression; Officiating decisions; Crowd effects Referee bias contributes to home advantage in English Premiership football. Journal of Sports Sciences, Volume 25, Number 11, September 2007 , pp. 1185-1194(10)
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Brand, R; Schmidt, G; Schneeloch, Y 2006 Basketball; Judgment biases; Decision making; Applied social cognition Sequential effects in elite basketball referees' foul decisions: An experimental study on the concept of game management. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 28, 93-99
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Brimberg, J; Hurley, W 2009 Ice Hockey; Penalties; Bias; Markov Are National Hockey League referees Markov? OR Insight 22: 234–243
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Bruine de Bruin, W 2005 Ice skating; Human judgment;Judgment and decision making; Order effects Save the last dance for me: Unwanted serial position effects in jury evaluations. Acta Psychologica,118, 245-260
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Bruine de Bruin, W 2006 Ice skating; Human judgment;Judgment and decision making; Order effects Save the last dance II: Unwanted serial position effects in figure skating judgements. Acta Psychologica,123, 299-311
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Buraimo, B; Forrest, D; Simmons, R 2007 Soccer football; Bias; Home-team favouritism The Twelfth Man? Refereeing Bias in English and German Soccer. International association of Sports Economists. Working Paper Series, Paper No. 07-07
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Caldwell, C; Bischoff, S.J; Karri, R 2002 Leadership; Decision-making The Four Umpires: A Paradigm for Ethical Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics. Volume 36, Numbers 1-2 / March, 2002 pp153-163.
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Carlsson, B 2006 Soccer football; Formal rules; Playing culture; Discretion; Consent Blowing the Whistle? A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Formal and Discretionary Powers of Referees in Swedish Football ESLJ Volume 4 Number 2 - ‘The State of Play’ Special Issue: Contemporary Issues in Sports Law Research. ISSN 1748-944X
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Catteeuw, P; Helsen, W; Gilis, B; Wagemans, J 2009 Soccer football; Expert performance; skill acquisition; Deliberate practice; Decision-making skills, role specificity and deliberate practice in association football refereeing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27: 1125-1136
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Cobley, S; Schorer J; Baker, J 2008 Soccer football; Expert performance; skill acquisition; Deliberate practice; Relative age effects in professional German soccer: A historical analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(14):1531 - 1538
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Catterall, C; Reilly, T; Atkinson, G; Coldwells, A 1993 Soccer football; Work rate; Heart rate Analysis of the work rates and heart rates of association football referees. British Journal of Sports Medicine 1993;27:193-196
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Craven, B. J 1998 Cricket; Perceptual judgments, decision strategies A psychophysical study of leg-before-wicket judgments in cricket. British Journal of Psychology, 89, 555-578
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Cuskelly, G; Hoye, R 2004 Recruitment; Retention Problems and Issues in the recruitment and retention of sports officials. Report to the Australian Sports Commission
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Cuskelly, G; Smith, C; Hoye, R 2009 Rugby Union; Retention; Early Career Referees Retaining early career referees in Australian Rugby. An ARC research partnership with the Australian Rugby Union
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Da Silva, A I; Fernandez, R 2003 Soccer football; Dehydration; Plasma volume; Sweat loss; Exercise Dehydration of football referees during a match. Br. J. Sports. Med. 37: 502-506
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Damisch, L; Mussweiler, T; Plessner, H 2006 Comparison; Performance judgments;sport; Similarity; Dissimilarity; Assimilation; Contrast Olympic medals as fruits of comparison? Assimilation and contrast in sequential judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 12, 166-178
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Dawson, P; Dobson, S; Goddard, J; Wilson, J 2006 Soccer football; Bias and inconsistency; English Premier League; Bivariate Poisson regression; Bivariate negative binomial regression Are football referees really biased and inconsistent? Evidence on the incidence of disciplinary sanction in the English Premier League Presentation to University of Otago Department of Economics, July 2006
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Downward, P; Jones, M 2007 Soccer football; Home advantage; Game location; Officials; Yellow cards; Supporters Effects of crowd size on referee decisions: Analysis of the FA Cup. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(14):1541–1545.
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Duarte, A; Ribeiro, C 2008 Sports; Timetabling referees; Appointment systems Referee assignment in sports leagues: Approximate and exact multi-objective aproaches. Abstract Book of the 19th International Conference on Multiple Criteria Decision Making, Auckland: 58-60, Auckland.
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Duarte, A; Ribeiro, C; Urrutia, S; Haeusler, E 2007 Sports; Timetabling referees; Appointment systems Referee assignment in sports leagues. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 3867: 158-173
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Duarte, A; Ribeiro, C; Urrutia 2007 Sports; Timetabling referees; Appointment systems A hybrid ILS heuristic to the referee assignment problem with an embedded MIP strategy, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4771: 82-95
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Findlay, L; Ste-Marie, D 2004 Figure skating; Performance appraisal; Expectations A reputation bias in figure skating. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26, 154-166
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Folkesson, P; Nyberg, C; Archer, T; Norlander, T 2002 Soccer football; Aggression; Dispositional optimism; Masculinity Soccer referees’ experience of threat and aggression: Effects of age, experience, and life orientation on outcome of coping strategy. Aggressive Behavior, Volume 28 Issue 4, Pages 317 - 327
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Ford, G; Ford , Gallagher, S; Lacy ,B; Bridwell , A; Goodwin, F 1999 Baseball; Perception; Positioning Repositioning the Home Plate Umpire to Provide Enhanced Perceptual Cues and More Accurate Ball-Strike Judgments. Journal of Sport Behavior, Vol. 22
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Frank, M; Gilovich, T 1988 American football; Black uniforms; Aggression The dark side of self- and social perception: Black uniforms and aggression in professional sports. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 74-85
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Friman, M; Nyberg, C; Norlander, T 2004 Soccer football; Aggression; Threats; EPP-Method; Referees; Soccer Threats and Aggression Directed at Soccer Referees: An Empirical Phenomenological Psychological Study The Qualitative Report; 9(4): 652-672
Link to article
Fuller, C; Junge, A; Dvorak, J 2005 Soccer football; Foul tackles, Injury causation; Head injuries A six year prospective study of the incidence and causes of head and neck injuries in international football; British Journal of Sports Medicine; 39:i3-i9
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Fuller, C; Junge, A; Dvorak, J 2004 Soccer football; Foul tackles, Injury causation; Head injuries An Assessment of Football Referees’ Decisions in Incidents Leading to Player Injuries; American Journal of Sports Medicine; January, 32(1) suppl: 17S-22S
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Garicano, L; Palacios-Huerta, I; Prendergast, C 2005 Soccer football; Incentives; Social pressure; Home advantage Favoritism Under Social Pressure. The Review of Economics and Statistics. 87(2): 208-216. Posted Online March 13, 2006
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Gilis B, Helsen W, Catteeuw P, Van Roie, E; Wagemans J 2009 Soccer football; Decision-making skills; Expertise; Flash-lag effect Interpretation and application of the offside law by expert assistant referees: Perception of spatial positions in complex dynamic events on and off the field, Journal of Sports Sciences,27: 551-563
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Gilis B, Helsen W, Catteeuw P, Wagemans J 2008 Soccer football; Assistant referees; Offside; Decision making Offside decisions by expert assistant referees in association football: Perception and recall of spatial positions in complex dynamic events.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied.14(1)Mar:21-35
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Hagemann, N; Strauss, B; Leißing, J 2008 Tae kwon do; Color red When the referee sees red … . Psychological Science, 19, 769-771
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Hawkins, R D; Fuller, C W 1996 Soccer football; Risk assessment; Injuries Risk assessment in professional football: an examination of accidents and incidents in the 1994 World Cup Finals. British Journal of Sports Medicine,30:165-170. bjsportmed.com
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Helsen W; Bultynck, J 2004 Soccer football; Decision-making skills; Heart rate Physical and perceptual-cognitive demands of top-class refereeing in association football. Journal of Sport Sciences, 22: 179-189
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Helsen W; Gilis B; Weston M 2007 Soccer football; Offside; Decision-making skills; Assistant referees Helsen, Gilis, and Weston (2006) do not err in questioning the optical error hypothesis as the only major account for explaining offside decision-making errors. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1466-447X, 25(9):991–994
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Jones, M; Paull, G; Erskine, J. 2006 Soccer football; Aggressive Reputation; Bias; Decision-Making The impact of a team’s reputation on the decisions of association football referees. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 991-1000
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Helsen W; Gilis B; Weston M 2006 Soccer football; Decision Making; Judgment; Motion Perception; Optical Illusions; Video Recording; Visual Perception Errors in judging “offside” in football: Test of the optical error versus the perceptual flash-lag hypothesis. Journal of Sport Sciences,24;521-528
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Kellett, P; Shilbury, D 2007 Umpire; Positive experiences; Negative experiences; Retention; Abuse Umpire Participation: Is Abuse really the Issue? Sport Management Review. 10(3):209-229
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Krustrup, P; Helsen, W; Randers, M; Christensen, J; MacDonald C; Rebelo, A; Bangsbo, J 2009 Soccer football; Time-motion analysis; High-intensity running; Heart rate; Blood lactate; distance from infringements Activity profile and physical demands of football referees and assistant referees in international games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(11) September:1167-1176
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Lane, M; Nevill, A; Ahmad, N; Balmer, N 2006 Soccer football; Bias; Home-advantage; Stress and performance Soccer referee decision-making: ‘Shall I blow the whistle?’ Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2006) 5, 243-253
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Leicht, A 2004 Basketball; Cardiovascular stress Cardiovascular stress on an elite basketball referee during national competition. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 38(4):e10, August.
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Leicht, A 2007 Basketball; Aerobic power; Arthropometrics Aerobic power and anthropometric characteristics of elite basketball referees. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 47(1): 46-50
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Leicht, A 2008 Basketball; Physiology; Heart rate; Performance Physiological demands of basketball refereeing during international competition. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 11(3): 357-360
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Levitt,S 2002 Hockey; Crime deterrence Testing the Economic Model of Crime:The National Hockey League's Two-Referee Experiment, Contributions to Economic Analysis & Policy: Vol. 1 : Iss. 1, Article 2.
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MacMahon, C; Helsen, W; Starkes, J; Cuypers, K; Weston, M 2007 Soccer football; Expert performance; Skill acquisition; Deliberate practice Decision-making skills and deliberate practice in elite association football referees, Journal of Sport Sciences, 25:65-78
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MacMahon, C; Helsen, W; Starkes, J; Weston, M 2007 Soccer football; Expert performance; Skill acquisition; Deliberate practice Decision-making skills and deliberate practice in elite association football referees. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1466-447X, 25,(1):65–78
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Macmahon, C; Starkes, L 2008 Baseball; Expertise; Decision-making; Sequential and contextual effects Contextual influences on baseball ball-strike decisions in umpires, players, and controls Journal of Sports Sciences; 26(7): 751 – 760
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MacMahon, C; Ste-Marie, D 2002 Rugby union Decision-making by experienced rugby referees: Use of perceptual information and episodic memory. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 95, 570-572
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Mahoney, A J; Devonport, T; Lane, A M 2008 Netball; Self-efficacy; Mixed methods; Confidence; Feedback; Measurement; Interviews The effects of interval feedback on the self-efficacy of netball umpires Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2008) 7, 39 - 46
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Mallo, J; Navarro, E; Garcia-Aranda, J.M; Gilis, B; Helsen, W 2007 Soccer football; 2D biomechanical analysis; Distance covered; High-intensity activity; Impairment of physical performance Activity profile of top-class association football referees in relation to performance in selected physical tests. Journal of Sport Sciences, 25: 805-813
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Mallo, J; Navarro, E; Garcia-Aranda, J.M; Gilis, B; Helsen, W 2008 Soccer football; Biomechanics; Physical Fitness; Physiology; Task performance and analysis Analysis of the kinematical demands imposed on top-class assistant referees during competitive soccer matches. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, January; 22(1):235-42
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Mallo, J; Navarro, E; Garcia-Aranda, J.M; Helsen, W 2009 Soccer football; 2D biomechanical analysis; Heart rate; High-intensity activities; Physical performance Activity profile of top-class association football referees in relation to fitness-test performance and match standard. Journal of Sport Sciences,27: 9-17
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Mallo, J; Veiga, S; López de Subijana, C; Navarro, E 2008 Soccer football; Analysis; Standards; Exercise; Algorithms Activity profile of top-class female soccer refereeing in relation to the position of the ball Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 11 December 2008
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Mascarenhas, D; Button, C; O’Hare, D; Dicks, M 2009 Soccer football; Global positioning system; Sports Officials; Video Physical Performance and Decision Making in Association Football Referees: A Naturalistic Study. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, Volume 2, ISSN: 1875-399X
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Mascarenhas, D; Collins, D; Mortimer, P 2005 Rugby union; Performance model Elite Refereeing Performance: Developing a Model for Sport Science Support The Sport Psychologist, 19(4), December 2005
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Mascarenhas, D; O'Hare, D; Plessner, H 2006 Soccer football; Psychological factors; Expertise The psychological and performance demands of association football refereeing. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 37, 99-120
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Mascarenhas, D; Collins, D; Mortimer, P 2002 Rugby union The Art of Reason Versus the Exactness of Science in Elite Refereeing: Comments on Plessner and Betsch (2001) Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 24 (3)
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Mascarenhas, D; Collins, D; Mortimer, P 2005 Rugby union; Decision-making The Accuracy, Agreement and Coherence of Decision-Making in Rugby Union Officials. Journal of Sport Behavior. September. 28 (3):253-271
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Mascarenhas, D; Collins, D; Mortimer, P; Morris, B 2005 Rugby union; Decision-making training Training accurate and coherent decision-making in rugby union referees. The Sport Psychologist, 19: 131-147
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Mason, C; Lovell, G 2000 Soccer football; Sports referees; Physical demands; Mental demands Attitudes, Expectations and Demands of English Premier League Football Association Referees Football Studies, 3(2)
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Mellick, M; Fleming, S; Davies, G 2007 Rugby union; Interpersonal Communication; Methodology An interpretive analysis of interpersonal communication: a case study from elite rugby union match officiating. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 7(2)May:92-105
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Mohr, P; Larsen, K 1998 Australian rules football; Favouritism; Home advantage Ingroup Favoritism in Umpiring Decisions in Australian Football Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 138, 1998
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Morris, P; Lewis, D 2009 Soccer football; Deceptive intentions - Perception intentions - Deception - Sport perception Tackling Diving: The Perception of Deceptive Intentions in Association Football (Soccer); Journal of Nonverbal Behavior; 0191-5886 (Print) 1573-3653 (Online);
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Nevill, A; Balmer, N; Williams 2002 Soccer football; Decision-making; Home advantage The influence of crowd noise and experience upon refereeing decisions in football Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Volume 3, Number 4, October 2002 , pp. 261-272(12)
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Nevill, A; Balmer, N; Williams 1999 Soccer football; Crowd influence; Decision-making Crowd influence on decisions in association football The Lancet, Volume 353, Issue 9162, Page 1416
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Ollis, S, Macpherson, A & Collins, D 2006 Rugby union; Deliberate practice; Deliberate experience; Non-linear development; Transfer; Ethnography; Expertise Expertise and talent development in rugby refereeing: An ethnographic enquiry. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(3):309 – 322
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Oudjeans, R; Bakker, F; Beek, P 2007 Soccer football; Assistant referee; Judging offside Helsen, Gilis and Weston (2006) err in testing the optical error hypothesis Journal of sports sciences, 25(9): 987-990
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Page, K; Page, L In press Soccer football; Sports economics; Home advantage; Social pressure; Individual differences; Decision-making Alone against the crowd: Individual differences in referees’ ability to cope under pressure. Journal of Economic Psychology.
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Philippe F; Vallerand R; Andrianarisoa J; Brunel P 2009 Motivation; Psychology; Decision-making Passion in referees : examining their affective and cognitive experiences in sport situations. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(1):77-96
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Plessner, H 1999 Gymnastics judging; Expectation bias Expectation biases in gymnastics judging. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21, 131-144
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Plessner, H; Betsch, T 2002 Rugby union Refereeing in Sports is Supposed to be a Craft, Not an Art: Response to Mascarenhas, Collins, and Mortimer (2002) Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology Vol. 24, Iss. 3
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Plessner, H; Betsch, T 2001 Soccer football; Decision sequence; Sequential Effects in Important Referee Decisions: The Case of Penalties in Soccer. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology; September,23(3):254-259
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Plessner, H; Haar, T 2006 Social cognition and sports; Sports performance judgments; Biases; Information processing Sports performance judgments from a social cognitive perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise; November, 7(6):555-575
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Plessner, H; Schallies, E 2005 gymnastics judging; Shape constancy Judging the cross on rings: A matter of achieving shape constancy. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19, 1145-1156
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Plessner, H; Schweizer, G; Brand, R; O’Hare, D 2009 Soccer football; Multiple-cue learning; social judgment theory; soccer referees A multiple-cue learning approach as the basis for understanding and improving soccer referees’ decision making. Progress in Brain Research, 174:151-158
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Quaquebeke, N; van Giessner, S 2010 Soccer football; Decision cue; Decision making dominance; Information processing; Power How embodied cognitions affect judgments: Height-related attribution bias in football foul calls. ERIM report series research in management Erasmus Research Institute of Management
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Quaquebeke, N; van Giessner, S 2010 Football; Dominance, Power; Decision making, Decision cue, Information processing How embodied cognition affect judgments: Height-related attribution bias in football foul calls. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
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Rainey, D 1995 Baseball; Stress; Burnout; Retention; Stress, Burnout and Intention to Terminate among Umpires Journal of Sport Behavior, Vol. 18
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Rainey, D 1994 Baseball; Aggression; Assaults on Umpires: A Statewide Survey Journal of Sport Behavior, Vol. 17
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Rainey, D; Cherilla, K 1993 Baseball; Aggression; Conflict; Conflict with Baseball Umpires: An Observational Study Journal of Sport Behavior, Vol. 16
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Rainey, D; Hardy, L 1999 Rugby union; Stress; Burnout; Retention Sources of stress, burnout and intention to terminate among rugby union referees. Journal of Sports Sciences; October, 17(10):797-806.
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Rainey, D; Hardy, L 1999 Rugby union; Assaults Assaults on Rugby Union Referees: A Three Union Survey. Journal of Sport Behavior; March, 22(1):105-114
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Rainey, D; Hardy, L 1993 Rugby union; Stress Ratings of stress by rugby referees. Perceptual & Motor Skills; June Part 1,84(3):728-730
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Rainey, D; Larsen, J 1988 Baseball; Normative rules; Balls, strikes, and norms: Rule violations and normative rules among baseball umpires. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 10, 75-80
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Rainey, D; Larsen, J; Stephenson, A 1988 Baseball; Normative rules; The effects of a pitcher's reputation on umpires' calls of balls and strikes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 12, 139-150
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Rainey, D; Larsen, J; Stephenson, A; Olson, T 1993 Baseball; Normative rules; Normative Rules among Umpires: The "Phantom Tag" at Second Base. Journal of Sport Behavior, Vol. 16.
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Rains, P 1984 National Hockey League; Fairness The production of fairness: Officiating in the National Hockey League. Sociology of Sport Journal, 1984, 1, 150-162
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Reilly, T; Gregson, W 2006 Soccer football; Athlete ; Cognition ; Competition ; Sport ; Human ; Physical fitness ; Fatigue ; Energetic cost Special populations: the referee and assistant referee. Journal of Sports Sciences, VOL 24; NUMB 7, pages 795-801
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Rulence-Pâques, P; Fruchart, E; Dru, V; Mullet, E 2005 Soccer football; Decision-making; Information integration; Judgment; Development Decision-making in soccer game: a developmental perspective Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, Vo 55, Issue 2, 131-136
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Scheer, J; Ansorge, C 1975 Gymnastics judging; Expectation bias Effects of naturally induced judges' expecta¬tions on the ratings of physical performances. Research Quarterly, 46, 463-470
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Schwartz M 2008 Baseball; Neuropsychologia ; Mental disorder; Legislation; Medicolegal expertise; Review; Bibliography; Human Sometimes safe, sometimes out―umpire gives split decision. Clinical neuropsychologist. 1991, vol. 5, no1, pp. 89-99
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Scoppa, V 2008 Soccer football; Favouritism; Subjective evaluation; Sport economics Are subjective evaluations biased by social factors or connections? An econometric analysis of soccer referee decisions. Empirical Economics. Volume 35, Number 1 / August, 2008
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Simmons, P 2009 Soccer football; Communication; Fairness; Culture ‘Justice, culture and football referee communication’ (pdf 1mb) Final report of FIFA Joao Havelange research scholarship to FIFA / CIES Scientific Committee, Switzerland.
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Simmons, P 2007 Soccer football; Player perceptions of fairness; Communication ‘Fair Call: Player Perceptions of Justice in Football Referee Communication’ (pdf 102 kb) Australia and New Zealand Communication Association, Melbourne University 2007.
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Simmons, P 2006 Soccer football; Abuse; Player management; Communication ‘Tackling Abuse of Officials: Attitudes and Communication Skills of Experienced Football Referees’ (pdf 161kB) Australia and New Zealand Communication Association, Adelaide University 2006.
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Souchon, N; Cabagno, G; Traclet, A; Trouilloud, D; Maio, G 2009 Competition standard; judgemental heuristics; refereeing; sport performance; transgressions Referees’ use of heuristics: The moderating impact of standard of competition Journal of Sports Sciences, May 2009; 27(7): 695–700
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Ste-Marie, D 2003 Gymnastics judging; Memory bias Memory biases in gymnastic judging: Differential effects of surface feature changes. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17, 733-751
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Ste-Marie, D 2000 Gymnastics judging; Expertise Expertise in women's gymnastic judging: An observational approach. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 90, 543-546
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Ste-Marie, D 1999 Gymnastics judging; Expertise Expert-novice differences in gymnastic judging: An information processing perspective. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 13, 269-281
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Ste-Marie, D 1996 Gymnastics judging; International bias International bias in gymnastic judging: Conscious or unconscious influences? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 83, 963-975
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Ste-Marie, D; Lee, T 1991 Gymnastics judging; Memory bias Prior processing effect on gymnastic judging. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 126-136
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Ste-Marie, D; Valiquette, S 1996 Gymnastics judging; Memory bias Enduring memory-influenced biases in gymnastic judging. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 1498-1502
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Sutter, M; Kocher, M 2004 Soccer football; Home advantage; Decision-making Favoritism of agents – The case of referees' home bias. Journal of Economic Psychology, 25 (4), August: 461-469
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Thatcher, J 2005 Rugby league; Stressors; Stress management; Impression management Stress, challenge, and impression management among sports officials. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review, 1(1):126-35
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Tiryaki, M 2005 Football; Color black; Aggression Assessing whether black uniforms affect the decisions of Turkish soccer referees: Is the finding of Frank and Gilovich’s study valid for Turkish culture? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 100, 51-57
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Unkelbach, C; Memmert, D 2008 Soccer football; Decision processes; Decision making; Judgmental biases Game-Management, context-effects, and calibration: The case of yellow cards in soccer. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30, 95-109
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Quaquebeke, N; van Giessner, S 2010 Football; Dominance, Power; Decision making, Decision cue, Information processing How embodied cognition affect judgments: Height-related attribution bias in football foul calls. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
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Weston, M; Castagna, C; Helsen, W; Impellizzeri, F 2009 Soccer football; Match analysis; Repeated-sprint ability; Fitness; Intermittent exercise Relationships among field-test measures and physical match performance in elite-standard soccer referees: Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(11) September:1177-1184
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Weston, M; Bird, S; Helsen, W; Nevill, A; Castagna, C 2006 Soccer football; Heart rates; Ratings of perceived exertion; Competition The effect of match standard and referee experience on the objective and subjective match workload of English Premier League referees. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9:256—262
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Weston, M; Helsen, W; MacMahon, C; Kirkendall, D 2004 Soccer football; Fitness training; Training intensity The Impact of Specific High-Intensity Training Sessions on Football Referees' Fitness Levels. American Journal of Sports Medicine 32: 54S-61S
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Wilson, V 1977 Synchronized swimming judging; Order effects Objectivity and effect of order of appearance in judging synchronized swimming meets. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44, 295-298
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Whissel, R; Lyons, S; Wilkinson, D; Whissel, C 1993 Figure skating judges; International bias National bias in judgements of Olympic-level skating. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77, 355-358
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Witt, R 2005 Soccer football; Sanctions; Player reactions; Crime Do players react to sanction changes? Evidence from the English Premier League. Scottish Journal of Political Economy. 52(4): 623 - 640 Published Online: 26 Oct 2005
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Wolfson, S; Neave, N 2007 Soccer football; Stress; Coping Coping Under Pressure: Cognitive Strategies for Maintaining Confidence Among Soccer Referees. Journal of Sport Behavior; June,30(2):232-247
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Wright, M B 1991 Cricket; Sports Scheduling; Timetabling Heuristics Scheduling English Cricket Umpires The Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 42, No. 6 (Jun., 1991), pp. 447-452
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Yavuz, M; Inan, U; Fığlalı, A 2008 Soccer football; Referee assignment; Heuristics Fair referee assignments for professional football leagues. Computers & Operations Research, 35(9): 2937-2951
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Zitzewitz, E 2006 Sport judges; Decision-making; Bias Nationalism in Winter Sports Judging and its lessons for organizational decision-making. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy. 15(1): 67-99
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