The Referee and Umpire Bibliography (RUB)
A collection of links to peer-reviewed research and evidence concerning refereeing and umpiring. Open to all.
Compiled by Peter Simmons, School of Communication and Creative Industries, Charles Sturt University, Australia.
| Author(s) | Year | Topic / Key Words | Title / Information Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anshel, M; Weinberg, R | 1999 | Basketball; Stress; Coping | Re-examining Coping among Basketball Referees Following Stressful Events: Implications for Coping Interventions. Journal of Sport Behavior, Vol. 22, 1999. Link to article [subscription only] |
| Baldwin, C | 2008 | Soccer football; Referees; Commentators; Journalists; Stress; Anxiety | The ref cost us the game: The role of sports commentators and journalists in creating stresses on sports referees. Presentation given to Annual Conference of Australia and New Zealand Communication Association ANZCA08, Power and Place. Wellington, July 2008. Link to article |
| Balmer, N; Nevill, A; Lane, A; Ward, P; Williams, M; Fairclough, S | 2007 | Soccer football; Decision-making; Psychology; Stress; Crowd | Influence of Crowd Noise on Soccer Refereeing Consistency in Soccer. Journal of Sport Behavior,2:130-145 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Balmer, N; Nevill, A; Lane, A | 2007 | Boxing; Decision-making; Judging; Subjective adjudications | Do judges enhance home advantage in European championship boxing? Journal of Sports Sciences. 23:409-416 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Bar-eli, M; Levy-Kolker, N; Pie, J; Tenenbaum, G | 1995 | Player performance; Player crisis | A Crisis-related Analysis of Perceived referees' behavior in competition Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 1533-1571, Volume 7, Issue 1, 1995, Pages 63 – 80 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Bizzini, M; Junge, A; Bahr, R; Dvorak, J | 2009 | Soccer football; Injuries | Female soccer referees selected for the FIFA Women’s World Cup 2007: survey of injuries and musculoskeletal problems. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43:936-942 (Published Online First: 16 October 2008) Link to article [subscription only] |
| Bizzini, M; Junge, A; Bahr, R; Helsen, W; Dvorak, J | 2009 | Soccer football; Injuries | Injuries and musculoskeletal complaints in referees and assistant referees selected for the 2006 FIFA World Cup: retrospective and prospective survey. British Journal of Sports Medicine;43:490-497 (Published Online First: 4 July 2008) Link to article [subscription only] |
| Bizzini, M; Junge, A; Bahr, R; Helsen, W; Dvorak, J | 2009 | Soccer football; Injuries | Injuries and Musculoskeletal Complaints in Referees-A Complete Survey in the Top Divisions of the Swiss Football League; Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine: March, 19 (2):95-100 Link to article [subscription only] |
Boyko, R; Boyko, A; Boyko, M | 2007 | Soccer football; Home advantage; Ordinal regression; Officiating decisions; Crowd effects | Referee bias contributes to home advantage in English Premiership football. Journal of Sports Sciences, Volume 25, Number 11, September 2007 , pp. 1185-1194(10) Link to article [subscription only] |
Brimberg, J; Hurley, W | 2009 | Ice Hockey; Penalties; Bias; Markov | Are National Hockey League referees Markov? OR Insight 22: 234–243 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Buraimo, B; Forrest, D; Simmons, R | 2007 | Soccer football; Bias; Home-team favouritism | The Twelfth Man? Refereeing Bias in English and German Soccer. International association of Sports Economists. Working Paper Series, Paper No. 07-07 Link to article |
| Caldwell, C; Bischoff, S.J; Karri, R | 2002 | Leadership; Decision-making | The Four Umpires: A Paradigm for Ethical Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics. Volume 36, Numbers 1-2 / March, 2002 pp153-163. Link to article [subscription only] |
| Carlsson, B | 2006 | Soccer football; Formal rules; Playing culture; Discretion; Consent | Blowing the Whistle? A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Formal and Discretionary Powers of Referees in Swedish Football ESLJ Volume 4 Number 2 - ‘The State of Play’ Special Issue: Contemporary Issues in Sports Law Research. ISSN 1748-944X Link to article |
| Catteeuw, P; Helsen, W; Gilis, B; Wagemans, J | 2009 | Soccer football; Expert performance; skill acquisition; Deliberate practice; | Decision-making skills, role specificity and deliberate practice in association football refereeing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27: 1125-1136 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Cobley, S; Schorer J; Baker, J | 2008 | Soccer football; Expert performance; skill acquisition; Deliberate practice; | Relative age effects in professional German soccer: A historical analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(14):1531 - 1538 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Catterall, C; Reilly, T; Atkinson, G; Coldwells, A | 1993 | Soccer football; Work rate; Heart rate | Analysis of the work rates and heart rates of association football referees. British Journal of Sports Medicine 1993;27:193-196 Link to article |
| Cuskelly, G; Hoye, R | 2004 | Recruitment; Retention | Problems and Issues in the recruitment and retention of sports officials. Report to the Australian Sports Commission Link to article |
| Cuskelly, G; Smith, C; Hoye, R | 2009 | Rugby Union; Retention; Early Career Referees | Retaining early career referees in Australian Rugby. An ARC research partnership with the Australian Rugby Union Link to article |
| Da Silva, A I; Fernandez, R | 2003 | Soccer football; Dehydration; Plasma volume; Sweat loss; Exercise | Dehydration of football referees during a match. Br. J. Sports. Med. 37: 502-506 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Dawson, P; Dobson, S; Goddard, J; Wilson, J | 2006 | Soccer football; Bias and inconsistency; English Premier League; Bivariate Poisson regression; Bivariate negative binomial regression | Are football referees really biased and inconsistent? Evidence on the incidence of disciplinary sanction in the English Premier League Presentation to University of Otago Department of Economics, July 2006 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Downward, P; Jones, M | 2007 | Soccer football; Home advantage; Game location; Officials; Yellow cards; Supporters | Effects of crowd size on referee decisions: Analysis of the FA Cup. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(14):1541–1545. Link to article [subscription only] |
Duarte, A; Ribeiro, C | 2008 | Sports; Timetabling referees; Appointment systems | Referee assignment in sports leagues: Approximate and exact multi-objective aproaches. Abstract Book of the 19th International Conference on Multiple Criteria Decision Making, Auckland: 58-60, Auckland.
Link to article |
| Duarte, A; Ribeiro, C; Urrutia, S; Haeusler, E | 2007 | Sports; Timetabling referees; Appointment systems | Referee assignment in sports leagues. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 3867: 158-173 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Duarte, A; Ribeiro, C; Urrutia | 2007 | Sports; Timetabling referees; Appointment systems | A hybrid ILS heuristic to the referee assignment problem with an embedded MIP strategy, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4771: 82-95
Link to article |
| Folkesson, P; Nyberg, C; Archer, T; Norlander, T | 2002 | Soccer football; Aggression; Dispositional optimism; Masculinity | Soccer referees’ experience of threat and aggression: Effects of age, experience, and life orientation on outcome of coping strategy. Aggressive Behavior, Volume 28 Issue 4, Pages 317 - 327 Link to article |
| Ford, G; Ford , Gallagher, S; Lacy ,B; Bridwell , A; Goodwin, F | 1999 | Baseball; Perception; Positioning | Repositioning the Home Plate Umpire to Provide Enhanced Perceptual Cues and More Accurate Ball-Strike Judgments. Journal of Sport Behavior, Vol. 22 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Friman, M; Nyberg, C; Norlander, T | 2004 | Soccer football; Aggression; Threats; EPP-Method; Referees; Soccer | Threats and Aggression Directed at Soccer Referees: An Empirical Phenomenological Psychological Study The Qualitative Report; 9(4): 652-672 Link to article |
| Fuller, C; Junge, A; Dvorak, J | 2005 | Soccer football; Foul tackles, Injury causation; Head injuries | A six year prospective study of the incidence and causes of head and neck injuries in international football; British Journal of Sports Medicine; 39:i3-i9 Link to article |
| Fuller, C; Junge, A; Dvorak, J | 2004 | Soccer football; Foul tackles, Injury causation; Head injuries | An Assessment of Football Referees’ Decisions in Incidents Leading to Player Injuries; American Journal of Sports Medicine; January, 32(1) suppl: 17S-22S Link to article |
| Garicano, L; Palacios-Huerta, I; Prendergast, C | 2005 | Soccer football; Incentives; Social pressure; Home advantage | Favoritism Under Social Pressure. The Review of Economics and Statistics. 87(2): 208-216. Posted Online March 13, 2006 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Gilis B, Helsen W, Catteeuw P, Van Roie, E; Wagemans J | 2009 | Soccer football; Decision-making skills; Expertise; Flash-lag effect | Interpretation and application of the offside law by expert assistant referees: Perception of spatial positions in complex dynamic events on and off the field, Journal of Sports Sciences,27: 551-563 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Gilis B, Helsen W, Catteeuw P, Wagemans J | 2008 | Soccer football; Assistant referees; Offside; Decision making | Offside decisions by expert assistant referees in association football: Perception and recall of spatial positions in complex dynamic events.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied.14(1)Mar:21-35 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Hawkins, R D; Fuller, C W | 1996 | Soccer football; Risk assessment; Injuries | Risk assessment in professional football: an examination of accidents and incidents in the 1994 World Cup Finals. British Journal of Sports Medicine,30:165-170. bjsportmed.com Link to article |
Helsen W; Bultynck, J | 2004 | Soccer football; Decision-making skills; Heart rate | Physical and perceptual-cognitive demands of top-class refereeing in association football. Journal of Sport Sciences, 22: 179-189 Link to article [subscription only] |
Helsen W; Gilis B; Weston M | 2007 | Soccer football; Offside; Decision-making skills; Assistant referees | Helsen, Gilis, and Weston (2006) do not err in questioning the optical error hypothesis as the only major account for explaining offside decision-making errors. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1466-447X, 25(9):991–994 Link to article [subscription only] |
Helsen W; Gilis B; Weston M | 2006 | Soccer football; Decision Making; Judgment; Motion Perception; Optical Illusions; Video Recording; Visual Perception | Errors in judging “offside” in football: Test of the optical error versus the perceptual flash-lag hypothesis. Journal of Sport Sciences,24;521-528 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Kellett, P; Shilbury, D | 2007 | Umpire; Positive experiences; Negative experiences; Retention; Abuse | Umpire Participation: Is Abuse really the Issue? Sport Management Review. 10(3):209-229 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Krustrup, P; Helsen, W; Randers, M; Christensen, J; MacDonald C; Rebelo, A; Bangsbo, J | 2009 | Soccer football; Time-motion analysis; High-intensity running; Heart rate; Blood lactate; distance from infringements | Activity profile and physical demands of football referees and assistant referees in international games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(11) September:1167-1176 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Lane, M; Nevill, A; Ahmad, N; Balmer, N | 2006 | Soccer football; Bias; Home-advantage; Stress and performance | Soccer referee decision-making: ‘Shall I blow the whistle?’ Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2006) 5, 243-253 Link to article |
| Leicht, A | 2004 | Basketball; Cardiovascular stress | Cardiovascular stress on an elite basketball referee during national competition.
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 38(4):e10, August. Link to article [subscription only] |
| Leicht, A | 2007 | Basketball; Aerobic power; Arthropometrics | Aerobic power and anthropometric characteristics of elite basketball referees.
The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 47(1): 46-50 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Leicht, A | 2008 | Basketball; Physiology; Heart rate; Performance | Physiological demands of basketball refereeing during international competition.
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 11(3): 357-360 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Levitt,S | 2002 | Hockey; Crime deterrence | Testing the Economic Model of Crime:The National Hockey League's Two-Referee Experiment, Contributions to Economic Analysis & Policy: Vol. 1 : Iss. 1, Article 2. Link to article [subscription only] |
| MacMahon, C; Helsen, W; Starkes, J; Cuypers, K; Weston, M | 2007 | Soccer football; Expert performance; Skill acquisition; Deliberate practice | Decision-making skills and deliberate practice in elite association football referees, Journal of Sport Sciences, 25:65-78 Link to article [subscription only] |
| MacMahon, C; Helsen, W; Starkes, J; Weston, M | 2007 | Soccer football; Expert performance; Skill acquisition; Deliberate practice | Decision-making skills and deliberate practice in elite association football referees. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1466-447X, 25,(1):65–78 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Macmahon, C; Starkes, L | 2008 | Baseball; Expertise; Decision-making; Sequential and contextual effects | Contextual influences on baseball ball-strike decisions in umpires, players, and controls Journal of Sports Sciences; 26(7): 751 – 760 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Mahoney, A J; Devonport, T; Lane, A M | 2008 | Netball; Self-efficacy; Mixed methods; Confidence; Feedback; Measurement; Interviews | The effects of interval feedback on the self-efficacy of netball umpires
Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2008) 7, 39 - 46 Link to article |
| Mallo, J; Navarro, E; Garcia-Aranda, J.M; Gilis, B; Helsen, W | 2007 | Soccer football; 2D biomechanical analysis; Distance covered; High-intensity activity; Impairment of physical performance | Activity profile of top-class association football referees in relation to performance in selected physical tests. Journal of Sport Sciences, 25: 805-813 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Mallo, J; Navarro, E; Garcia-Aranda, J.M; Gilis, B; Helsen, W | 2008 | Soccer football; Biomechanics; Physical Fitness; Physiology; Task performance and analysis | Analysis of the kinematical demands imposed on top-class assistant referees during competitive soccer matches. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, January; 22(1):235-42 Link to article [subscription only] |
Mallo, J; Navarro, E; Garcia-Aranda, J.M; Helsen, W | 2009 | Soccer football; 2D biomechanical analysis; Heart rate; High-intensity activities; Physical performance | Activity profile of top-class association football referees in relation to fitness-test performance and match standard. Journal of Sport Sciences,27: 9-17 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Mallo, J; Veiga, S; López de Subijana, C; Navarro, E | 2008 | Soccer football; Analysis; Standards; Exercise; Algorithms | Activity profile of top-class female soccer refereeing in relation to the position of the ball Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 11 December 2008 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Mascarenhas, D; Button, C; O’Hare, D; Dicks, M | 2009 | Soccer football; Global positioning system; Sports Officials; Video | Physical Performance and Decision Making in Association Football Referees: A Naturalistic Study. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, Volume 2, ISSN: 1875-399X Link to article |
| Mascarenhas, D; Collins, D; Mortimer, P | 2005 | Rugby union; Performance model | Elite Refereeing Performance: Developing a Model for Sport Science Support The Sport Psychologist, 19(4), December 2005 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Mascarenhas, D; Collins, D; Mortimer, P | 2002 | Rugby union | The Art of Reason Versus the Exactness of Science in Elite Refereeing: Comments on Plessner and Betsch (2001) Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 24 (3) Link to article [subscription only] |
| Mascarenhas, D; Collins, D; Mortimer, P | 2005 | Rugby union; Decision-making | The Accuracy, Agreement and Coherence of Decision-Making in Rugby Union Officials. Journal of Sport Behavior. September. 28 (3):253-271 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Mascarenhas, D; Collins, D; Mortimer, P; Morris, B | 2005 | Rugby union; Decision-making training | Training accurate and coherent decision-making in rugby union referees. The Sport Psychologist, 19: 131-147 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Mason, C; Lovell, G | 2000 | Soccer football; Sports referees; Physical demands; Mental demands | Attitudes, Expectations and Demands of English Premier League Football Association Referees Football Studies, 3(2) Link to article |
| Mellick, M; Fleming, S; Davies, G | 2007 | Rugby union; Interpersonal Communication; Methodology | An interpretive analysis of interpersonal communication: a case study from elite rugby union match officiating. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 7(2)May:92-105 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Mohr, P; Larsen, K | 1998 | Australian rules football; Favouritism; Home advantage | Ingroup Favoritism in Umpiring Decisions in Australian Football Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 138, 1998 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Morris, P; Lewis, D | 2009 | Soccer football; Deceptive intentions - Perception intentions - Deception - Sport perception | Tackling Diving: The Perception of Deceptive Intentions in Association Football (Soccer); Journal of Nonverbal Behavior; 0191-5886 (Print) 1573-3653 (Online); Link to article [subscription only] |
| Nevill, A; Balmer, N; Williams | 2002 | Soccer football; Decision-making; Home advantage | The influence of crowd noise and experience upon refereeing decisions in football Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Volume 3, Number 4, October 2002 , pp. 261-272(12) Link to article [subscription only] |
| Nevill, A; Balmer, N; Williams | 1999 | Soccer football; Crowd influence; Decision-making | Crowd influence on decisions in association football The Lancet, Volume 353, Issue 9162, Page 1416 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Ollis, S, Macpherson, A & Collins, D | 2006 | Rugby union; Deliberate practice; Deliberate experience; Non-linear development; Transfer; Ethnography; Expertise | Expertise and talent development in rugby refereeing: An ethnographic enquiry. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(3):309 – 322 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Oudjeans, R; Bakker, F; Beek, P | 2007 | Soccer football; Assistant referee; Judging offside | Helsen, Gilis and Weston (2006) err in testing the optical error hypothesis Journal of sports sciences, 25(9): 987-990 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Page, K; Page, L | In press | Soccer football; Sports economics; Home advantage; Social pressure; Individual differences; Decision-making | Alone against the crowd: Individual differences in referees’ ability to cope under pressure. Journal of Economic Psychology. Link to article [subscription only] |
| Philippe F; Vallerand R; Andrianarisoa J; Brunel P | 2009 | Motivation; Psychology; Decision-making | Passion in referees : examining their affective and cognitive experiences in sport situations. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(1):77-96
Link to article [subscription only] |
| Plessner, H; Betsch, T | 2002 | Rugby union | Refereeing in Sports is Supposed to be a Craft, Not an Art: Response to Mascarenhas, Collins, and Mortimer (2002) Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology Vol. 24, Iss. 3 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Plessner, H; Betsch, T | 2001 | Soccer football; Decision sequence; | Sequential Effects in Important Referee Decisions: The Case of Penalties in Soccer. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology; September,23(3):254-259 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Plessner, H; Haar, T | 2006 | Social cognition and sports; Sports performance judgments; Biases; Information processing | Sports performance judgments from a social cognitive perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise; November, 7(6):555-575 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Plessner, H; Schweizer, G; Brand, R; O’Hare, D | 2009 | Soccer football; Multiple-cue learning; social judgment theory; soccer referees | A multiple-cue learning approach as the basis for understanding and improving soccer referees’ decision making. Progress in Brain Research, 174:151-158 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Rainey, D | 1995 | Baseball; Stress; Burnout; Retention; | Stress, Burnout and Intention to Terminate among Umpires Journal of Sport Behavior, Vol. 18 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Rainey, D | 1994 | Baseball; Aggression; | Assaults on Umpires: A Statewide Survey Journal of Sport Behavior, Vol. 17 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Rainey, D; Cherilla, K | 1993 | Baseball; Aggression; Conflict; | Conflict with Baseball Umpires: An Observational Study Journal of Sport Behavior, Vol. 16 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Rainey, D; Hardy, L | 1999 | Rugby union; Stress; Burnout; Retention | Sources of stress, burnout and intention to terminate among rugby union referees. Journal of Sports Sciences; October, 17(10):797-806. Link to article [subscription only] |
| Rainey, D; Hardy, L | 1999 | Rugby union; Assaults | Assaults on Rugby Union Referees: A Three Union Survey. Journal of Sport Behavior; March, 22(1):105-114 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Rainey, D; Hardy, L | 1993 | Rugby union; Stress | Ratings of stress by rugby referees. Perceptual & Motor Skills; June Part 1,84(3):728-730 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Rainey, D; Larsen, J; Stephenson, A; Olson, T | 1993 | Baseball; Normative rules; | Normative Rules among Umpires: The "Phantom Tag" at Second Base. Journal of Sport Behavior, Vol. 16. Link to article [subscription only] |
| Reilly, T; Gregson, W | 2006 | Soccer football; Athlete ; Cognition ; Competition ; Sport ; Human ; Physical fitness ; Fatigue ; Energetic cost | Special populations: the referee and assistant referee. Journal of Sports Sciences, VOL 24; NUMB 7, pages 795-801
Link to article |
| Rulence-Pâques, P; Fruchart, E; Dru, V; Mullet, E | 2005 | Soccer football; Decision-making; Information integration; Judgment; Development | Decision-making in soccer game: a developmental perspective Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, Vo 55, Issue 2, 131-136 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Schwartz M | 2008 | Baseball; Neuropsychologia ; Mental disorder; Legislation; Medicolegal expertise; Review; Bibliography; Human |
Sometimes safe, sometimes out―umpire gives split decision. Clinical neuropsychologist. 1991, vol. 5, no1, pp. 89-99 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Scoppa, V | 2008 | Soccer football; Favouritism; Subjective evaluation; Sport economics | Are subjective evaluations biased by social factors or connections? An econometric analysis of soccer referee decisions. Empirical Economics. Volume 35, Number 1 / August, 2008 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Simmons, P | 2009 | Soccer football; Communication; Fairness; Culture | ‘Justice, culture and football referee communication’ (pdf 1mb) Final report of FIFA Joao Havelange research scholarship to FIFA / CIES Scientific Committee, Switzerland. Link to article |
| Simmons, P | 2007 | Soccer football; Player perceptions of fairness; Communication | ‘Fair Call: Player Perceptions of Justice in Football Referee Communication’ (pdf 102 kb) Australia and New Zealand Communication Association, Melbourne University 2007. Link to article |
| Simmons, P | 2006 | Soccer football; Abuse; Player management; Communication | ‘Tackling Abuse of Officials: Attitudes and Communication Skills of Experienced Football Referees’ (pdf 161kB) Australia and New Zealand Communication Association, Adelaide University 2006. Link to article |
| Souchon, N; Cabagno, G; Traclet, A; Trouilloud, D; Maio, G | 2009 | Competition standard; judgemental heuristics; refereeing; sport performance; transgressions | Referees’ use of heuristics: The moderating impact of standard of competition Journal of Sports Sciences, May 2009; 27(7): 695–700 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Sutter, M; Kocher, M | 2004 | Soccer football; Home advantage; Decision-making | Favoritism of agents – The case of referees' home bias. Journal of Economic Psychology, 25 (4), August: 461-469 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Thatcher, J | 2005 | Rugby league; Stressors; Stress management; Impression management | Stress, challenge, and impression management among sports officials. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review, 1(1):126-35 Link to article |
| Weston, M; Castagna, C; Helsen, W; Impellizzeri, F | 2009 | Soccer football; Match analysis; Repeated-sprint ability; Fitness; Intermittent exercise | Relationships among field-test measures and physical match performance in elite-standard soccer referees: Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(11) September:1177-1184 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Weston, M; Bird, S; Helsen, W; Nevill, A; Castagna, C | 2006 | Soccer football; Heart rates; Ratings of perceived exertion; Competition | The effect of match standard and referee experience on the objective and subjective match workload of English Premier League referees. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9:256—262 Link to article |
| Weston, M; Helsen, W; MacMahon, C; Kirkendall, D | 2004 | Soccer football; Fitness training; Training intensity | The Impact of Specific High-Intensity Training Sessions on Football Referees' Fitness Levels. American Journal of Sports Medicine 32: 54S-61S Link to article [subscription only] |
| Witt, R | 2005 | Soccer football; Sanctions; Player reactions; Crime | Do players react to sanction changes? Evidence from the English Premier League. Scottish Journal of Political Economy. 52(4): 623 - 640
Published Online: 26 Oct 2005 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Wolfson, S; Neave, N | 2007 | Soccer football; Stress; Coping | Coping Under Pressure: Cognitive Strategies for Maintaining Confidence Among Soccer Referees. Journal of Sport Behavior; June,30(2):232-247 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Wright, M B | 1991 | Cricket; Sports Scheduling; Timetabling Heuristics | Scheduling English Cricket Umpires The Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 42, No. 6 (Jun., 1991), pp. 447-452 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Yavuz, M; Inan, U; Fığlalı, A | 2008 | Soccer football; Referee assignment; Heuristics | Fair referee assignments for professional football leagues. Computers & Operations Research, 35(9): 2937-2951 Link to article [subscription only] |
| Zitzewitz, E | 2006 | Sport judges; Decision-making; Bias | Nationalism in Winter Sports Judging and its lessons for organizational decision-making. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy. 15(1): 67-99
Link to article [subscription only] |
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