We believe that the planets were formed by condensation of gas from the planetary nebula surrounding the Sun onto small planetesimals which grew by accreation and by collision with other small objects
The rings most likely formed by the break-up of small moons and other objects in the vicinity of the planets. The material in the rings is constantly colliding ,forming larger objects and breaking up. The rings are therefore not static, but are continuously changing
Yes quite a bit bigger. The diameter of the sun is about 9 times that of jupiter. The combined mass of all the planets is only 5% of that of the sun.
The shooting star slows down as it enter the atmosphere. Before it enters the atmosphere the comet and the particle have comparible velocitieswith respect to the earth. A comet moves very slowly when it is farthest from the sun, st the point some dust particles are undoubtedly moving faster with respect to the earth than the comet, but when the comet is closest to the sun the opposite would generally be true
The largest moon is Gaynmede (surface), although if you measure to the top of the atmosphere, Saturn's moon Titan would win that title.
In theory yes. After all moons are already larger than Mercury and Pluto the 2 smallest planets.